Triangulating Methods

In UX research, a single method is often not sufficient to fully capture the complex interplay of user behavior, perception and contextual conditions. Method triangulation offers a systematic approach to combining different perspectives - with the aim of gaining a more valid, differentiated and robust understanding.

A classic example: A quantitative evaluation shows that only 30% of users complete a certain function. But why this is the case can only be understood through qualitative interviews - for example, because users perceive a central button as inactive. Only the combination of both approaches provides a complete picture and well-founded options for action.

What does “Triangulate” Mean?

The term originally comes from geodesy: three reference points are used to precisely determine a position. In UX, triangulation means the same thing: A research topic is illuminated by different methodological approaches in order to avoid distortions and increase the validity of the findings.

This is particularly relevant in projects with a high degree of scope for interpretation - such as emotionally charged products (e.g. in health app research), different user groups or highly context-dependent applications.

Why Triangulation in UX?

The use of different methods pays off in several ways:

• It increases validity, as findings from several sources can confirm each other.
• It helps to compensate for ** method-related biases** - e.g. subjective bias in interviews or a purely number-based view in analytics.
• It provides both explanations (Why?) and measurements (How much?) - e.g. by combining behavioral data and user reports.
• It facilitates data-based communication with stakeholders, as different forms of evidence are addressed (figures, quotes, visual patterns).

Practical example: In a redesign project for a customer portal, Hotjar heatmaps were first analyzed (strong scrolling behavior in the middle of the page), then targeted interviews were conducted with typical users. There it turned out: Users were looking for a login function that was originally positioned at the top - they had gotten used to the old position. The heatmap showed the what, the interview explained the why.

Types of Triangulation (according to Denzin)

Sociologist Norman Denzin has described four central forms of triangulation that have also proven their worth in the UX sector:

1. Method triangulation Combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.
   Example: Usability test with subsequent SUS survey.

2. Data triangulation Use of different data sources or user groups.
   Example: Comparison of findings from internal users (call center) and external customers.

3. Investigator-Triangulation Several researchers analyze the same data.
   Example: Two people code interview statements independently of each other and compare results.

4. Theoretical triangulation Integration of different scientific perspectives.
   Example: Combination of psychological models (mental models, framing) with design theories (affordances, feedback).

Concrete Application Scenarios

Triangulation is not just a theoretical construct, but has proven itself many times over in practice:

• In the evaluation of a feature, A/B tests on the click rate were combined with interviews on the decision-making processes.
• Shadowing in the field (behavior) was combined with persona development (goals, needs) for the requirements survey for complex business software.
• As part of a UX audit, expert judgments (heuristic evaluation) were compared with observation data from Thinking Aloud protocols - thus reducing misjudgments.

Advantages and Challenges

Advantages

• More profound insights through multidimensional consideration
• Robust argumentation towards stakeholders
• Greater traceability and confidence in the results
• Promotion of interdisciplinary work in the UX team

Challenges

• Higher time and resource expenditure for planning, implementation and evaluation
• Need for methodological expertise in several areas
• Need for integrated interpretation of results - especially in the case of contradictory data

Best Practices for the Use of Methods

• Triangulation early planning - as early as the study design stage
• Methods should complement, not duplicate: e.g. interviews + analytics instead of two questionnaires
• Summarize results structured - e.g. in mapping workshops or matrix presentations
• Consciously obtain several perspectives, especially for critical decisions (e.g. launch or redesign)

Conclusion

Method triangulation is more than just a combination of tools - it is a strategic approach to put UX decisions on a broader, more valid evidence base. It is a key quality factor, especially in complex projects with many stakeholders, different user groups or results that require explanation. Those who make targeted use of triangulation not only gain knowledge, but also trust and acceptance.

Last modified: 17 June 2025